Step by step male to female transsexual surgery

ABSTRACT Introduction After the diagnosis of transsexualism is confirmed therapy commences with psychotherapeutic preparation for the conversion, and after conversion, long-term patient rehabilitation is maintained for at least two years. The indication for surgery is chronic discomfort caused by discord with the patient's natural gender, intense dislike of developing secondary sex characteristics and the onset of puberty. The surgical conversion of transsexuals is the main step in the complex care of these problematic patients (1). This surgery was first described by Benjamin H, using a flap of inverted penile skin (2) and is considered the gold standard since then. Male-to-female transsexual surgical techniques are well defined and give good cosmetic and functional results. Sex reassignment surgery promotes the improvement of psychological aspects and social relationships as shown in the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment applied in the patients submitted to this procedure (3). Techniques include the creation of a normal appearing female introitus, a vaginoplasty allowing sexual intercourse and the capability of clitoral orgasm (4). Various methods for neovaginoplasty have been described and can be classified into five categories, i.e. pedicled intestinal transplants, penile skin grafts, penile skin flaps, non-genital skin flaps and non-genital skin grafts (5). In our Hospital, we use penile and scrotal skin flaps. Until now, 174 procedures have been performed by our team using this technique with high rates of satisfaction (3). Patients and methods We present a step-by-step male to female transsexual surgery. Conclusion Surgical gender reassignment of male transsexuals resulted in replicas of female genitalia which enabled coitus with orgasm (1). With this video we show step by step that a surgery using penile skin flaps is able to be performed with good cosmetic results.

Prospective evaluation of vesicourethral anastomosis outcomes in robotic radical prostatectomy during early experience in a university hospital

ABSTRACT Purpose: Robotic assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) presents challenges for the surgeon, especially during the initial learning curve. We aimed to evaluate early and mid-term functional outcomes and complications related to vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA), in patients who underwent RARP, during the initial experience in an academic hospital. We also assessed possible predictors of postoperative incontinence and compared these results with the literature. Materials and Methods: We prospectively collected data from consecutive patients that underwent RARP. Patients with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in the analysis for the following outcomes: time to complete VUA, continence and complications related to anastomosis. Nerve-sparing status, age, BMI, EBL, pathological tumor staging, and prostate size were evaluated as possible factors predicting early and midterm continence. Results were compared with current literature. Results: Data from 60 patients was assessed. Mean time to complete VUA was 34 minutes, and console time was 247 minutes. Continence in 6 months was 90%. Incidence of urinary leakage was 3.3%, no patients developed bladder neck contracture or postoperative urinary retention. On multivariate analysis, age and pathological staging was associated to 3-month continence status. Conclusion: Our data show that, during early experience with RARP in a public university hospital, it is possible to achieve good results regarding continence and other outcomes related to VUA. We also found that age and pathological staging was associated to early continence status.

Assessment of satisfaction and Quality of Life using self - reported questionnaires after urethroplasty: a prospective analysis

ABSTRACT Objectives To assess patient satisfaction and quality of life after urethroplasty using two different self-reported outcome measures and to compare it with objective clinical data. Materials and Methods We prospectively collected data from 35 consecutive patients who underwent urethroplasty from January 2013 to September 2014. Patient demographics, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life score, urethral stricture surgery patient-reported outcome measure (USS-PROM), maximum flow rate (Qmax) and post-void residual urine were collected before, two and eight months after surgery. Failure occurred when any postoperative instrumentation was performed. General estimation equation was used to compare the results and linear regression analysis to correlate both questionnaires with objective data. Results Mean age was 61 years. Urethroplasties were equally divided between anastomotic and buccal mucosa grafts and 19 patients (59.3%) had a previous urethral procedure. Overall success rate was 87.5%. IPSS improved from a mean 19 at baseline to 5.32 at 8 months (p <0.001). The mean USS-PROM score also improved from 13.21 preoperatively to 3.36 after surgery (p <0.001) and 84.3% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with surgical results. Mean Qmax increased from 4.64mL/s to 11mL/s (p <0.001). Strong negative correlation was found respectively between flow rate and USS-PROM (r=-0.531, p <0.001) and with IPSS (r=-0.512, p <0.001). Conclusions Significant improvements in urinary symptoms and in quality of life are expected after urethroplasty and they are correlated with objective measures.

Diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer de pele em albinos: estudo descritivo / Diagnosis and treatment for skin cancer in albinos: a descriptive study

Introdução: Descrever a casuística envolvendo albinos, quanto à forma de apresentação, local, tratamento e acompanhamento dos tumores de pele. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, de Abril à Julho de 2011, analisando um total de doze prontuários. Buscando nos resultados histopatológicos, e nas descrições dos procedimentos cirúrgicos, reunir e reportar dados específicos. Resultados: Doze pacientes albinos apresentaram 273 lesões e foram estudados. Oito homens e 4 mulheres, com idades variando entre 23 e 80 anos, sendo a maioria acima de 40 anos (92%). A localização mais comum das lesões foi na cabeça e pescoço, sendo o tipo histológico mais frequente o CBC (Carcinoma Basocelular) (36,63%), seguido do CEC. Algumas lesões também encontradas foram carcinoma tricoblástico, sarcoma de alto grau, verruga vulgar, melanoma in situ e Doença de Bowen. Em média os pacientes foram acompanhados, por 98,6 meses. Dentre os procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados o mais comum foi à realização de síntese primária (82,41%) e em segundo lugar os retalhos, sendo dois microcirúrgicos (VRAM e RALC). Os tamanhos das lesões foram divididos em menores ou iguais a 4 cm (80,20%) e maiores do que 4 cm (19,80%). Conclusão: Através de uma breve agregação de dados foi possível descrever uma casuística com dados semelhantes aos expostos na literatura internacional, apesar da escassez dos mesmos, possibilitando uma comparação e demonstração entre a relação sobre albinismo e tumores de pele, porém novas séries descritivas com mais pacientes são necessárias para melhor avaliação global. Assim a prevenção continua sendo a melhor forma de monitoramento e acompanhamento dos pacientes portadores de albinismo.

Introduction: To describe a case series involving albinos as to the form, location, treatment and monitoring of skin tumors. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective from April to July 2011, analyzing a total of twelve charts. Seeking the histopathologic results, and descriptions of surgical procedures, collect and report specific data. Results: Twelve patients had albinos and 273 injuries were studied. Eight men and 4 women, aged between 23 and 80 years, the majority being over 40 years old (92%). The most common injuries were to the head and neck being the most common histological type BCC (36.63%), followed by the CEC. Some injuries were also found tricoblástico carcinoma, high-grade sarcoma, verruca vulgaris, melanoma in situ and Bowen's disease. On average, patients were followed for 98.6 months. Among the surgical procedures the most common was the realization of primary synthesis (82.41%) and second flaps, two microsurgical (VRAM and RALC). The sizes of the lesions was divided into equal or lower than 4 cm (80.20%) and higher than 4 cm (19.80%). Conclusion: Using a short data aggregation was possible to describe a sample with similar data exposed in the international literature, despite the lack of them, allowing a comparison and demonstration about the relationship between albinism and skin tumors, but new series with more patients are needed to better overall evaluation. So prevention remains the best way of monitoring and follow-up of patients with albinism.

Carcinoma de células de Merkel: apresentação clínica, fatores prognósticos, tratamento e sobrevida de 32 pacientes / Merk cell carcinoma: clinical presentation, prognostic factors, treatment and survival in 32 patients

INTRODUÇÃO: O carcinoma de células de Merkel é uma rara neoplasia cutânea primária neuroendócrina agressiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes acometidos com carcinoma de células de Merkel, as características clínicas da neoplasia, o tempo até o início do tratamento, a sobrevida e as causas de morte. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 32 pacientes portadores de carcinoma de células de Merkel. A história clínica e o estadiamento dos pacientes foram correlacionados em 1 ano e 2 anos de sobrevida. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes (69%) era do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 72 anos e 93% de pele clara. A localização mais acometida era cabeça e pescoço, seguida de tronco e membros. Outras neoplasias foram encontradas em 6 pacientes. O tempo médio entre o surgimento dos sinais/sintomas e o tratamento especializado foi de 12,2 meses, com acometimento de linfonodos regionais em 13 (40%) pacientes e metástases à distância em 4 (12%). Após o tratamento especializado, observou-se sobrevida em 1 ano de 53% e em 2 anos, de 47%. Tumor < 2 cm foi indicativo de melhor prognóstico. CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico tardio contribuiu para a alta taxa de letalidade da doença, em decorrência da rápida progressão local e à distância.

BACKGROUND: Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive, malignant primary cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological profile of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma, the clinical characteristics of the tumor, time between manifestation of signs and symptoms and initiation of treatment, survival and causes of death. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with Merkel cell carcinoma were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical history and staging were correlated with 1 and 2-year survival. RESULTS: Most patients (69%) were female, mean age was 72 years and 93% were fair-skinned. The most commonly affected sites were the head/neck, trunk and limbs. Other malignancies were found in 6 patients. Mean time between the appearance of signs/symptoms and initiation of specialist treatment was 12.2 months, with regional lymph nodes being affected at that time in 13 (40%) cases and distant metastases being present in 4 (12%). Following specialist treatment, 1 and 2-year survival was 53% and 47%, respectively. Tumor size < 2 cm was indicative of more favorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Late diagnosis contributed to high lethality due to rapid local and distant progression of the disease.

Tradução do questionário Breast-Q para a língua portuguesa e sua aplicação em mulheres com câncer de mama / Model of informed consent in plastic surgery with evaluation and attestation of transferred information

According to the Ministry of Health are expected in Brazil in 2012, 52.680 new cases of breast cancer with an estimated risk of 52 cases per 100 000 women. Recently the quality of life (QOL), now considered a parameter increasingly important to evaluate the result of treatment. To assess the QOL of women with breast cancer, Pusic et al. developed a questionnaire called BREAST-Q, related to breast surgery, and divided into three modules: an augmentation, reduction and reconstruction with independent scales to assess the major problems affecting patients undergoing each type of procedure, either in the pre and postoperatively. This questionnaire was developed in English but now has versions in several languages. We present the translation process for the construction of the Portuguese version, which took part in the translation, backward translation and testing to obtain the final version and its approval by the owner (MAPITrusf© _Mapi Research Institute 2002). Translation is the beginning of the process of validation of questionnaires and their use in order to assess the impact of treatment of breast cancer from the perspective of Brazilian women...

Segundo o Ministério da Saúde, esperavam-se para o Brasil, em 2012, 52.680 casos novos de câncer de mama, com risco estimado de 52 casos a cada 100 mil mulheres. Recentemente, a qualidade de vida (QV), passou a ser considerado um parâmetro cada vez mais importante para avaliar o resultado do tratamento. Para avaliar a QV das mulheres com câncer de mama, Pusic et al. desenvolveram um questionário denominado BREAST-Q. relacionado à cirurgia de mama, e dividido em três módulos: aumento, redução e reconstrução com escalas independentes para avaliar os maiores problemas que afetam as pacientes submetidas a cada tipo de procedimento, tanto no pré como no pós-operatório. Este questionário foi desenvolvido ha língua inglesa, mas já possui versões em vários idiomas. Apresentamos o processo de tradução para a construção da versão na língua portuguesa, do qual fizeram parte a tradução, tradução reversa e testagem até a obtenção da versão final e sua aprovação pelo proprietário (MAPI Trust© Mapi Research Institute 2002). A tradução é o início do processo de validação dos questionários e sua utilização como objetivo de avaliar o impacto do tratamento do câncer de mama sob a perspectiva das mulheres brasileiras...

Androgen receptor CAG polymorphism and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia in a Brazilian population

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a very frequent age-related proliferative abnormality in men. Polymorphic CAG repeat in the androgen receptor (AR) can alter transactivation of androgen-responsive genes and potentially influence BPH risk. We investigated the association between CAG repeat length and risk of BPH in a case-control study of a Brazilian population. We evaluated 214 patients; 126 with BPH and 88 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from peripheral leucocytes and the AR gene was analyzed using fragment analysis. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval were estimated using logistic regression models. Mean CAG length was not different between patients with BPH and controls. The CAG repeat length was examined as a categorical variable (CAG < 21 vs. CAG > 21 and CAG < 22 vs. CAG > 22) and did not differ between the control vs. the BPH group. We found no evidence for an association between AR CAG repeat length in BPH risk in a population-based sample of Brazilians.

Rastreamento e diagnóstico de câncer de próstata / Screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer

Não existem até o momento provas contundentes que a população coberta pelo plano de saúde UNIMED-POA deva ser submetida ao rastreamento sistemático do câncer de próstata com o intuito de reduzir a mortalidade decorrente deste tipo de câncer, uma vez que não existem estudos desenhados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul que contemplem este aspecto. Recentemente, dois grandes estudos randomizados que visavam a esclarecer se o rastreamento populacional poderia reduzir a mortalidade por câncer de próstata concluíram: em estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos (prostate, lung, colorectal and ovary trial), não houve diferença na mortalidade da população rastreada ou não; no estudo europeu (European randomized of screening for prostate cancer), houve uma redução de 20 por cento da mortalidade da população rastreada em relação à não rastreada. Cabe ressaltar que ambos os estudos apresentaram, entre outros problemas, viés de seleção dos pacientes, onde mais de 50 por cento do grupo teoricamente não rastreado efetivamente realizou exames antes ou durante o estudo. Sendo assim, permanece recomendada realização de rastreamento nas diretrizes da Associação Americana de Urologia, Associação Europeia de Urologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia.

So far, there is no compelling evidence that the local population covered by the health plan UNIMED-POA should be submitted to systematic screening for prostate cancer in order to reduce mortality resulting from this type of cancer, as no studies in Rio Grande do Sul have been performed to address this particular issue. In other countries, two large randomized studies aimed at clarifying whether such screening could reduce mortality from prostate cancer were conducted recently: the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovary trial in the United States, and the European randomized screening for prostate cancer. In the former, there was no difference in mortality between screened and non-screened groups; in the latter there was a 20 percent reduction in mortality in the screened as compared to the non-screened group. It should be highlighted that both studies had many design problems including biased selection of patients, as more than 50 percent of the supposedly non-screened group was in fact submitted to medical tests either before or during the trial. Therefore, screening still should be performed according to the guidelines of the American Association of Urology, European Association of Urology and the Brazilian Society of Urology.

Validaçäo estatística do escore internacional de sintomas prostáticos (I-PSS) na língua portuguesa / Statistical validation of the international prostatic symptom score (I-PSS) in portuguese

Objetivo: Validar o I-PSS (International Prostatic Symptom Score) na língua portuguesa. Material e método: Um grupo de 281 pacientes com hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) foi avaliado com uma traduçäo portuguesa dos escores -PSS, QL (Qualidade de Vida) e BII (índice de impacto da HPB). Avaliou-se a confiabilidade teste-reteste, comparando-se os escores obtidos em dois momentos por meio do coeficiente de correlaçäo de Pearson e do teste "t" de Student; a consistência interna foi determinada através da estatística de Chronbach; e verificou-se a validade de constructo pela correlaçäo do I-PSS com os escores QL e BII através do coeficiente de correlaçäo de Pearson e modelos de regressao linear. A responsividade do instrumento foi avaliada em outro grupo de 49 pacientes submetidos a incisäo transuretral de próstata, comparando-se os escores I-PSS e QL pré e pós-operatórios por meio do teste "t" de Student. Resultados: Os coeficientes de correlaçäo em dois momentos dos escores I-PSS, QL e BII foram 0,843, 0,782 e 0,791 (p<0,0001), respectivamente. O I-PSS se correlacionou com os escores QL (r=0,687 p<0,0001) e BII (r=0,727 p<0,0001). O de Chronbach foi calculado em 0,816. As médias dos scores I-PSS e QL diminuíram de 22,71 e 4,04, antes da cirurgia, para 6,42 e 1,66, respectivamente, após a cirurgia (p<0,0001). Conclusäo: O I-PSS traduzido apresentou excelente desempenho psicométrico e pode ser utilizado como instrumento de mensuraçäo de sintomas de HPB no Brasil

Retalho da base da asa nasal (uni ou bilateral) para reconstruçäo da columela / Flap of wing nose (uni and bilateral) for reconstruction

O autor apresenta uma nova opçäo técnica para a reconstruçäo da columela nasal, tanto nos defeitos parciais como nos totais, através de retalho cutâneo gorduroso da base da asa nasal.